浙江 2015 · 数学 q17

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浙江 2015 · 数学 q17 原卷截图(含答案)

文字转写(题面 + 官方解析)

题面

17.(15分)(2015•浙江)如图,在三棱柱ABCA1B1C1\mathrm{A B C} - \mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{B}_{1} \mathrm{C}_{1}中,BAC=90,AB=AC=2,A1A=4\angle \mathrm{B A C} = 9 0^{\circ} , \mathrm{A B} = \mathrm{A C} = 2 , \mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{A} = 4A1\mathrm{A}_{1}在底面ABC的射影为BC的中点,D是B1C1\mathrm{B}_{1} \mathrm{C}_{1}的中点

(1)证明:A1D\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D} \perp平面A1BCA_{1} B C

(2)求二面角A1BDB1\mathrm{A}_{1} - \mathrm{B D} - \mathrm{B}_{1}的平面角的余弦值

解析

分析

(1)以BC中点O为坐标原点,以OB、OA、OA1\mathrm{O A}_{1}所在直线分别为x、y、z轴建系,通过A1DOA1=A1DBC=0\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{O A}_{1}} = \overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B C}} = 0及线面垂直的判定定理即得结论;

(2)所求值即为平面A1BD\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{B D}的法向量与平面B1BD\mathrm{B}_{1} \mathrm{B D}的法向量的夹角的余弦值的绝对值的相反数,计算即可

解答

(1)证明:如图,以BC中点O为坐标原点,以OB, OA, OA1\mathrm{O B , \ O A , \ O A_{1}}所在直线分别为x、y、z轴建系

BC=2AC=22, A1O=AA12AO2=14\mathrm{B C} = \sqrt{2} \mathrm{A C} = 2 \sqrt{2} , \ \mathrm{A_{1} O} = \sqrt{\mathrm{A A_{1}}^{2} - \mathrm{A O}^{2}} = \sqrt{1 4}

易知A1(0,0,14),B(2,0,0),C(2,0,0)\mathrm{A_{1}} ( 0 , 0 , \sqrt{1 4} ) , \mathrm{B} ( \sqrt{2} , 0 , 0 ) , \mathrm{C} ( - \sqrt{2} , 0 , 0 )

A(0,2,0),D(0,2,14),B1(2,2,14)\mathrm{A} ( 0 , \sqrt{2} , 0 ) , \mathrm{D} ( 0 , - \sqrt{2} , \sqrt{1 4} ) , \mathrm{B}_{1} ( \sqrt{2} , - \sqrt{2} , \sqrt{1 4} )

A1D=(0,2,0),BD=(2,2,14)\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D}} = ( 0 , - \sqrt{2} , 0 ) , \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B D}} = ( - \sqrt{2} , - \sqrt{2} , \sqrt{1 4} )

B1D=(2,0,0),BC=(22,0,0),OA1=(0,0,14)\overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}_{1} \mathrm{D}} = ( - \sqrt{2} , 0 , 0 ) , \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B C}} = ( - 2 \sqrt{2} , 0 , 0 ) , \overrightarrow{\mathrm{O A}_{1}} = ( 0 , 0 , \sqrt{1 4} )

A1DOA1=0\because \overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{O A}_{1}} = 0A1DOA1\therefore \mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D} \perp \mathrm{O A}_{1}

A1DBC=0\because \overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B C}} = 0A1DBC\therefore \mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D} \bot \mathrm{B C}

OA1BC=O\because \mathrm{O A}_{1} \cap \mathrm{B C} = \mathrm{O}A1D\therefore \mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D} \bot平面A1BCA_{1} B C

(2)解:设平面A1BD\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{B D}的法向量为m=(x, y, z)\overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}} = ( x , \ y , \ z )

{mA1D=0mBD=0\left\{\begin{array}{l l}{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}_{1} \mathrm{D}} = 0} \\ {\overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B D}} = 0} \end{array} \right.,得{2y=02x2y+14z=0\left\{\begin{array}{l l}{- \sqrt{2} y = 0} \\ {- \sqrt{2} x - \sqrt{2} y + \sqrt{1 4} z = 0} \end{array} \right.

取 z=1,得m=(7,0,1)\overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}} = ( \sqrt{7} , 0 , 1 )

设平面B1BD\mathrm{B}_{1} \mathrm{B D}的法向量为n=(x, y, z)\overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}} = ( x , \ y , \ z )

{nB1D=0nBD=0\left\{\begin{array}{l l}{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}_{1} \mathrm{D}} = 0} \\ {\overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}} \bullet \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B D}} = 0} \end{array} \right.,得{2x2y+14z=02x=0\left\{\begin{array}{l l}{- \sqrt{2} x - \sqrt{2} y + \sqrt{1 4} z = 0} \\ {- \sqrt{2} x = 0} \end{array} \right.

取 z=1,得n=(0,7,1)\overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}} = ( 0 , \sqrt{7} , 1 )

cos<m,n>=mnmn=122×22=18,\therefore \cos < \overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}}, \overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}} > = \frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}}}{| \overrightarrow{\mathrm{m}} | | \overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}} |} = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{2} \times 2 \sqrt{2}} = \frac{1}{8},

又∵该二面角为钝角,

∴二面角A1BDB1\mathrm{A}_{1} - \mathrm{B D} - \mathrm{B}_{1}的平面角的余弦值为18- \frac{1}{8}